SELF-EFFICACY, ACHIEVEMENT GOALS, AND ACHIEVEMENT: ACADEMIC HELP-SEEKING TENDENCIES AS MEDIATORS

This study investigated how students’ academic help-seeking tendencies mediate motivation and subsequent achievement. A large sample of Singapore Secondary 2 students took a survey on math self-efficacy, achievement goals (mastery and performance), and help-seeking tendencies (adaptive, expedient, and avoidant), followed by a math achievement test about 3 months later. We conducted structural equation modeling and found that after controlling for gender and previous math achievement, students’ help-seeking tendencies fully mediated the predictive relationship from math self-efficacy and achievement goals to subsequent math achievement. More specifically, math self-efficacy was associated positively with adaptive help seeking, mastery goals were associated positively with adaptive help seeking and negatively with avoidant help seeking, and performance goals were associated negatively with adaptive help seeking and positively with both expedient and avoidant help seeking. Adaptive help seeking in turn positively and expedient help seeking negatively predicted subsequent math achievement. Through the mediation of help-seeking tendencies, math self-efficacy and mastery goals positively and performance goals negatively predicted subsequent math achievement. The importance of help seeking in learning and implications for classroom teaching are discussed

Hairstyle modelling based on a single image.

Hair is an important feature to form character appearance in both film and video game industry. Hair grooming and combing for virtual characters was traditionally an exclusive task for professional designers because of its requirements for both technical manipulation and artistic inspiration. However, this manual process is time-consuming and further limits the flexibility of customised hairstyle modelling. In addition, it is hard to manipulate virtual hairstyle due to intrinsic hair shape. The fast development of related industrial applications demand an intuitive tool for efficiently creating realistic hairstyle for non-professional users. Recently, image-based hair modelling has been investigated for generating realistic hairstyle. This thesis demonstrates a framework Struct2Hair that robustly captures a hairstyle from a single portrait input. Specifically, the 2D hair strands are traced from the input with the help of image processing enhancement first. Then the 2D hair sketch of a hairstyle on a coarse level is extracted from generated 2D hair strands by clustering. To solve the inherently ill-posed single-view reconstruction problem, a critical hair shape database has been built by analysing an existing hairstyle model database. The critical hair shapes is a group of hair strands which possess similar shape appearance and close space location. Once the prior shape knowledge is prepared, the hair shape descriptor (HSD) is introduced to encode the structure of the target hairstyle. The HSD is constructed by retrieving and matching corresponding critical hair shape centres in the database. The full-head hairstyle is reconstructed by uniformly diffusing the hair strands on the scalp surface under the guidance of extracted HSD. The produced results are evaluated and compared with the state-of-the-art image based hair modelling methods. The findings of this thesis lead to some promising applications such as blending hairstyles to populate novel hair model, editing hairstyle (adding fringe hair, curling and cutting/extending hairstyle) and a case study of Bas-relief hair modelling on pre-processed hair images

HIV associated cell death: Peptide-induced apoptosis restricts viral transmission.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still a global pandemic and despite the successful use of anti-retroviral therapy, a well-established cure remains to be identified. Viral modulation of cell death has a significant role in HIV pathogenesis. Here we sought to understand the major mechanisms of HIV- induced death of lymphocytes and the effects on viral transmission. Flow cytometry analysis of lymphocytes from five latent HIV-infected patients, and HIV IIIB-infected MT2 cells demonstrated both necrosis and apoptosis to be the major mechanisms of cell death in CD4+ and CD4-/CD8- lymphocytes. Significantly, pro-apoptotic tumor necrosis factor (TNF) peptide (P13) was found to inhibit HIV-related cell death and reduced viral transmission. Whereas pro-necrotic TNF peptide (P16) had little effect on HIV-related cell death and viral transmission. Understanding mechanisms by which cell death can be manipulated may provide additional drug targets to reduce the loss of CD4+ cells and the formation of a viral reservoir in HIV infection

Small RNA zippers lock miRNA molecules and block miRNA function in mammalian cells.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) loss-of-function phenotypes are mainly induced by chemically modified antisense oligonucleotides. Here we develop an alternative inhibitor for miRNAs, termed \u27small RNA zipper\u27. It is designed to connect miRNA molecules end to end, forming a DNA-RNA duplex through a complementary interaction with high affinity, high specificity and high stability. Two miRNAs, miR-221 and miR-17, are tested in human breast cancer cell lines, demonstrating the 70∼90% knockdown of miRNA levels by 30-50 nM small RNA zippers. The miR-221 zipper shows capability in rescuing the expression of target genes of miR-221 and reversing the oncogenic function of miR-221 in breast cancer cells. In addition, we demonstrate that the miR-221 zipper attenuates doxorubicin resistance with higher efficiency than anti-miR-221 in human breast cancer cells. Taken together, small RNA zippers are a miRNA inhibitor, which can be used to induce miRNA loss-of-function phenotypes and validate miRNA target genes

Small interference RNA targeting tissue factor inhibits human lung adenocarcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The human coagulation trigger tissue factor (TF) is overexpressed in several types of cancer and involved in tumor growth, vascularization, and metastasis. To explore the role of TF in biological processes of lung adenocarcinoma, we used RNA interference (RNAi) technology to silence TF in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 with high-level expression of TF and evaluate its antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed for targeting human TF was transfected into A549 cells. The expression of TF was detected by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT and clonogenic assays. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. The metastatic potential of A549 cells was determined by wound healing, the mobility and Matrigel invasion assays. Expressions of PI3K/Akt, Erk1/2, VEGF and MMP-2/-9 in transfected cells were detected by Western blot. In vivo, the effect of TF-siRNA on the growth of A549 lung adenocarcinoma xenografts in nude mice was investigated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>TF -siRNA significantly reduced the expression of TF in the mRNA and protein levels. The down-regulation of TF in A549 cells resulted in the suppression of cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis and induced cell apoptosis in dose-dependent manner. Erk MAPK, PI3K/Akt pathways as well as VEGF and MMP-2/-9 expressions were inhibited in TF-siRNA transfected cells. Moreover, intratumoral injection of siRNA targeting TF suppressed the tumor growth of A549 cells in vivo model of lung adenocarcinoma.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Down-regulation of TF using siRNA could provide a potential approach for gene therapy against lung adenocarcinoma, and the antitumor effects may be associated with inhibition of Erk MAPK, PI3K/Akt pathways.</p

Research Progress of Ionic Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting

Thermoelectric material is a kind of functional material that can mutually convert heat energy and electric energy. It can convert low-grade heat energy (less than 130°C) into electric energy. Compared with traditional electronic thermoelectric materials, ionic thermoelectric materials have higher performance. The Seebeck coefficient can generate 2–3 orders of magnitude higher ionic thermoelectric potential than electronic thermoelectric materials, so it has good application prospects in small thermoelectric generators and solar power generation. According to the thermoelectric conversion mechanism, ionic thermoelectric materials can be divided into ionic thermoelectric materials based on the Soret effect and thermocouple effect. They are widely used in pyrogen batteries and ionic thermoelectric capacitors. The latest two types of ionic thermoelectric materials are in this article. The research progress is explained, and the problems and challenges of ionic thermoelectric materials and the future development direction are also put forward

Online tracking of ants based on deep association metrics: method, dataset and evaluation

Tracking movement of insects in a social group (such as ants) is challenging, because the individuals are not only similar in appearance but also likely to perform intensive body contact and sudden movement adjustment (start/stop, direction changes). To address this challenge, we introduce an online multi-object tracking framework that combines both the motion and appearance information of ants. We obtain the appearance descriptors by using the ResNet model for offline training on a small (N=50) sample dataset. For online association, a cosine similarity metric computes the matching degree between historical appearance sequences of the trajectory and the current detection. We validate our method in both indoor (lab setup) and outdoor video sequences. The results show that our model obtains 99.3% ± 0.5% MOTA and 91.9% ± 2.1% MOTP across 24,050 testing samples in five indoor sequences, with real-time tracking performance. In an outdoor sequence, we achieve 99.3% MOTA and 92.9% MOTP across 22,041 testing samples. The datasets and code are made publicly available for future research in relevant domains

Insight into regulation of adventitious root formation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and exogenous auxin in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) cuttings

IntroductionAdventitious root (AR) development, affected by various biotic and abiotic factors, is the most important procedure in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) cutting propagation. Establishing symbiotic relationships with most terrestrial plants, AMF (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus) can mediate the AR formation of several herbaceous and woody plants in previous studies.MethodsIn this paper, effects of combined application of AMF and exogenous auxin on AR formation of cuttings from different tea plant varieties (‘Pingyangtezao’, ‘Longjing 43’ and ‘Longjingchangye’) were studied. Then we also performed RNA-Seq analysis with ‘Pingyangtezao’ cuttings aiming to find the possible auxin-related pathway of AM fungal regulation on AR formation. To accurately uncover the regulatory mechanism of AMF on AR formation of tea cuttings, rooting process were separated into four stages (S0, non-rooting; S1, AR protrusion; S2, AR formation and S3, AR elongation) at the same sampling time.Results and DiscussionResults showed that IBA treatment increased the mycorrhizal colonization rate, especially in ‘Pingyangtezao’ variety (from 37.58% to 46.29%). Both inoculating AMF and addition of IBA promoted the AR formation, and rooting of different tea plant varieties showed different dependence on auxin. AMF could alleviate the effect of auxin-related inhibitors (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, L-α-(Aminooxy)-β-phenylpropionic acid and α-(phenylethyl-2-oxo)-IAA) on rooting of tea cuttings, even though the colonization of AMF was hindered at various degrees. Transcriptomic analysis showed that different numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at various rooting stages of tea cuttings with the most at S2 stage (1360 DEGs), indicating the increasing regulation by AMF with the development of AR. Similar trend was found in auxin-related DEGs, and family genes of YUC, GH, PIN, LAX, SAUR, AUX, and ABP involved in the AM fungal regulation on AR formation of tea cuttings. Additionally, AMF strongly mediated auxin transport and signal transduction pathways in tea cuttings as showed by the results of correlation analysis. Overall, interaction of AMF and exogenous auxin in promoting rooting and the preliminary mechanism of AMF regulating AR formation of tea cuttings was deciphered in this paper, which may provide a basis for further deep mechanistic research and cutting propagation of tea production